Retiring Arizona Prison Watch...


This site was originally started in July 2009 as an independent endeavor to monitor conditions in Arizona's criminal justice system, as well as offer some critical analysis of the prison industrial complex from a prison abolitionist/anarchist's perspective. It was begun in the aftermath of the death of Marcia Powell, a 48 year old AZ state prisoner who was left in an outdoor cage in the desert sun for over four hours while on a 10-minute suicide watch. That was at ASPC-Perryville, in Goodyear, AZ, in May 2009.

Marcia, a seriously mentally ill woman with a meth habit sentenced to the minimum mandatory 27 months in prison for prostitution was already deemed by society as disposable. She was therefore easily ignored by numerous prison officers as she pleaded for water and relief from the sun for four hours. She was ultimately found collapsed in her own feces, with second degree burns on her body, her organs failing, and her body exceeding the 108 degrees the thermometer would record. 16 officers and staff were disciplined for her death, but no one was ever prosecuted for her homicide. Her story is here.

Marcia's death and this blog compelled me to work for the next 5 1/2 years to document and challenge the prison industrial complex in AZ, most specifically as manifested in the Arizona Department of Corrections. I corresponded with over 1,000 prisoners in that time, as well as many of their loved ones, offering all what resources I could find for fighting the AZ DOC themselves - most regarding their health or matters of personal safety.

I also began to work with the survivors of prison violence, as I often heard from the loved ones of the dead, and learned their stories. During that time I memorialized the Ghosts of Jan Brewer - state prisoners under her regime who were lost to neglect, suicide or violence - across the city's sidewalks in large chalk murals. Some of that art is here.

In November 2014 I left Phoenix abruptly to care for my family. By early 2015 I was no longer keeping up this blog site, save occasional posts about a young prisoner in solitary confinement in Arpaio's jail. I'm deeply grateful to the prisoners who educated, confided in, and encouraged me throughout the years I did this work. My life has been made all the more rich and meaningful by their engagement.

I've linked to some posts about advocating for state prisoner health and safety to the right, as well as other resources for families and friends.

until all are free -

MARGARET J PLEWS (June 1, 2015)
arizonaprisonwatch@gmail.com



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Showing posts with label women health care prison. Show all posts
Showing posts with label women health care prison. Show all posts

Sunday, September 16, 2012

SOS: ASPC-Perryville Conditions of Confinement.



September 20, 2012 
PERRYVILLE UPDATE: 

My friend Christy, a prisoner out at Perryville / Santa Cruz, dropped me a letter late last week that just came in yesterday. It was dated 9/14/12. Here's the update:

"I was called up to the Deputy Warden's office to talk about my kites. Here is what has been done:

Water was turned down (hot water off)

Coolers were purchased but they ran out of money to install them so that is still a problem
I was given tape to tape my vent for roaches
the exterminator is supposed to come out & spray inside and out
the back window is still broken does not close (we have a bag with tape covering it)
they power-washed the showers 
we still only have 2 showers working - the lady who was fixing them was out here on 9/11...
the doors are still having to be keyed for a total of 48 rooms - that is a fire hazard!"

All that happened in response to earlier complaints filed by her and a few of the other women prisoners, and while I brought some things to the  DOC's attention a couple of weeks ago, this happened before I made the following post which had new information, so I can't really claim the credit for getting them to clean things up there. Christy and these women who protested their conditions of confinement have my respect for their courage and persistence.

I plan to organize a prison watching group for Perryville, soon, so stay tuned.


Peggy Plews


----------Original post (9/16/12)----------

I received this anonymous letter this past week from ASPC-Perryville/Santa Cruz yard, and have since challenged Richard Pratt, the Director of Health Services for the AZ DOC, to take the lead in cleaning up the place since so many chronically and critically ill women are trying to survive more than just their sentences under these conditions. I also asked him to set me up with a tour - suggesting we go together unannounced, if things are really as hunky dory at Perryville as they want me to believe. We'll see what he says once he gets a chance to respond. I'm probably now considered an external Security Threat Group leader, so my chances of getting in - sans the orange jumpsuit and chains the DOC would no doubt like to see me in - may not be too good.

In addition to the letter below from Santa Cruz last week, I received another one the week before from the same yard stating that there's a huge roach infestation problem that wasn't mentioned below, as creatures can easily enter through the cracks in the walls and window sills. 

Furthermore, I've been told by several sources that many women haven't been getting their medications for most of the time that Wexford has been in charge of medical services - that's been since the beginning of July. Hopefully, Wexford's brilliant administrators have finally figured out how to get their drugs to Arizona from Pennsylvania (or Columbia, or China, or wherever they're really importing their prescriptions from).

Also not articulated in the letter below is my concern about the high rate of suicide and deaths from sheer neglect at ASPC-Perryville. Most of those have occurred on Lumley yard, though, not Santa Cruz. Lumley is the maximum security yard where female prisoners who are seriously mentally ill, defiant, assaultive, or on death row are typically held in isolation cells. The ACLU's lawsuit Parsons v Ryan enumerates many of the additional concerns I have about the conditions of confinement and medical/mental health care for the women across the prison complex. Lumley is where Marcia Powell was killed by the desert sun after being left in an outdoor cage for four hours - theoretically while on a suicide watch.

I'm planning to set up a "Perryville Prison Watch 101" meeting this fall for community members who are interested in bettering the chances these women have of surviving prison and coming out able to lead lives as "responsible citizens" again; we aren't going to change any of this without help from more of the ordinary People out here who believe this kind of abuse and neglect - in our names, with our money - is unacceptable. And for Women's History Month in March 2013 we'll be celebrating the history of women's resistance in prison. Stay tuned for more on all that.

Remembering some of the women who have died out at Perryville, the following photos were taken from a mural laid out by community members in front of the Phoenix Art Museum for Prisoners' Justice Day in August of this year. Some things at Perryville can be fixed with caulk and elbow grease that the women would put into it themselves, given the right resources, but the culture of contempt for prisoners that fosters this kind of neglect is going to take a lot more to change.
 









Brenda Todd, 44. 
Victim of institutional indifference.
(January 21, 2011)



 
 Susan Lopez, 35. 
Victim of suicide and psychiatric neglect.
(March 25, 2011)










Victim of a 10-minute suicide watch, bad policy, 
unconstitutional practices, and cruel and abusive guards.
(May 19, 2009)


-----------------received 9/13/2012--------------

"In the winter months, the heat is turned on by date rather than temperature. The heat runs full blast and the rooms get to be unbearably hot. The officers do not have the authority to turn the heat off, even if it is an unseasonably warm day. On a "warm" winter day, the room temperatures can reach the 90+ degree mark. The window cranks in most of the rooms are broken and do not open so there is no way to get any relief. This is absolutely cruel and unusual punishment.

In the summer months, the evaporative coolers or air conditioners are turned on by date rather than temperature. Some rooms have coolers, others have AC. In the early spring, the rooms are very cold. In the heat of the summer, when the humidity rises, the coolers do not work well. Once again the temperatures inside the rooms can reach the 90+ degree mark, with no way to get any relief. When the AC works, the rooms that have it are comfortable in the summer. The challenge is that they are often broken. As of this writing, the temperature outside is 113. The AC In my room and the 7 other attached rooms is not functioning at all. It has been out of service for the past 2 weeks. Unfortunately, or fortunately, I do not perspire very much. Extreme heat causes my muscles to cramp. I get very light headed and dizzy and ultimately vomit. I do not know if there is a medication of any kind of solution since I cannot seem to get to medical. Often we live in exceedingly hot, or exceedingly cold rooms with windows that do not open. Just another example of cruel and unusual punishment.

The Arizona sun can be punishing,. especially for those of us that have little or no tolerance for heat exposure. Lines for medical appointments, property pick up, state issue, and the store are often long. In the medical waiting area, shade and water are provided. Not much can be done to reduce the heat since the waiting area is outside. The wait can be several hours. The lines for property, state issue, and store are not in shaded areas. The wait is usually a couple of hours at best.

The mattresses in most of the cells are worn out. They are leaking black material of some kind. The coverings are cracked. The mattresses are thin and do not provide any kind of support or much protection from the metal bunks.

Many of the cells have cracks in the walls that leak rain water. In my cell, water seeps in only one corner so I am lucky that mine is not one of those that floods. However, in that corner mold is growing. In one of the rooms next to a shower, the mold is so bad that it is growing down the outside walls as well as the inside.

The showers leak gallons of water daily. Some of them have been leaking for years. The erosion of both the concrete and the metal support beams is clearly visible. I am not a building inspector, but I can clearly see that the iron railings and support beams are rusted clear through.

Hot water for showers is not always available. Sometimes we have no hot water for days at a time. When this happens, there is no hot water for washing the trays or kitchen utensils either. This has been an on-going challenge since I have been here (1997). Budgets were not restricted for the majority of those years so I find it difficult to understand the situation. The trays, sporks, and cups in the kitchen are frequently dirty. Dirt is actually embedded in the trays and sporks where the plastic coating has been worn away.

On 16 yard, dinner "sacks" are passed out at 5pm Monday-Friday. Breakfast starts being served at 8 or 8:30 on Saturday mornings. 15+ hours between meals. ON weekends, we are provided with breakfast and hot dinner, just two meals. The ladies from 14 yard walk to our kitchen and eat breakfast around 7am. The kitchen on 14 yard has been closed and the building has been condemned. At 5pm the ladies from 14 yard come to our kitchen once again for dinner. Our yard has dinner after all of them have left the yard. That is usually around 6:30 or so. For those that do not have money to purchase food from the store, it is a very long time between breakfast and dinner.

Adequate clothing is no longer provided. I waited over 6 months to have 2 pairs of panties that were lost in the laundry replaced. per policy, we are allowed to exchange clothing or linens once every 90 days. The challenge is that most of the time, state issue does not have the size or the items that are needed. On this unit we have been out of medium panties, small pants and medium t-shirts for months. When I tried to exchange clothing I was told sizes 3x were the only one available. I weigh 120 pounds! Incoming inmates are not provided with the policy-stated issue.

Each inmate is provided with 1 roll of toilet paper for the week and 12 sanitary napkins for the month. Further discussion of this is probably unnecessary."

Thursday, March 25, 2010

Scott Watch: They'd better stop messing with Mrs. Rasco's kids...

Celebrate the International Observation of the Anniversary of
the Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade:

ABOLISH THE PRISON INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX!!
-----------------

This is pretty extraordinary, what's going on at MDOC. Kind of makes me feel grateful for Arizona.

Keeping both Jamie and her family ignorant of her condition seems to be medical malpractice, with malicious intent (the intent of compromising a patient's welfare to protect the welfare of an institution's image - that being the image Wexford and the MDOC want to project...). I just don't buy their assessments: why else do all these outside doctors disagree with them?

The Kidney Foundation could make such a difference in the quality of care Jamie's getting and the access her family has to her and her medical staff, with just a little diplomacy.



------------------

Subject: Jamie Scott Rushed Back To Prison So Mother Could Not Visit Hospital
3/25 SCOTT SISTERS UPDATE!

NOTE: If reading this before 10:00 a.m. EST or 9am CST on 3/25, please tune into http://www.facebook.com/l/c3cc4;www.wjzd.com for a Scott Sisters update from Mrs. Rasco on the Rip Daniels "It's a New Day" (http://www.facebook.com/l/ c3cc4;www.itisanewday.com) show. Rip Daniels is a very dedicated supporter who starts each show off at 10 a.m. daily counting down how long Jamie and Gladys have been wrongfully locked down and tormented in that prison and will even discuss the case during some mornings on his program, so please check in as regularly as you can.

Mrs. Rasco and her entire family are in Mississippi to visit Jamie and Gladys as well as to participate in the 3/26 MWM/BWDL Press Conference scheduled for 12 noon in front of the Jackson, MS Capitol Bldg. at 400 High St. The organization is asking for letters
of support for their campaign by 12 midnight 3/25 to be sent tonationalmwm@aol.com or officialmwm@yahoo.com For more info call: 267-636-3802.

Jamie has been in the hospital since 3/15 with a very serious infection, severe weakness, extreme pain and swelling. Jamie stated that she was "kicked out" of the hospital on Tuesday to prevent Mrs. Rasco from coming in and asking questions, in fact an extra guard was placed there to make certain that Mrs. Rasco didn't come in there to see her. Jamie told Mrs. Rasco that she couldn't believe how her 4' tall momma caused so much worry among those prison officials!

She was abruptly moved to her old cell in the prison to await the visit with her mother and family to take place Wednesday for an hour, after which her family was to visit with Gladys for an hour. However, the Assistant Warden met them at the entrance and stated that some of the children weren't on the list to come in. After much wrangling and his personally searching the young men he permitted everyone to visit both women together BUT for one hour total, which actually ended up being less than an hour due to all of the wasted time spent being searched and with the Asst Warden on the phone rechecking names in the waiting area. The family watched in tears as Jamie climbed off of a bus and limped slowly and weakly to the visiting area and questioned staff as to why she wasn't given a wheelchair,to which they had no answer.

Jamie and Gladys grabbed onto each other and their family members for a very emotional reunion, especially for the children. Both women had lost quite a bit of weight, Gladys from extreme stress and depression and Jamie due to her serious illness. Jamie stated that she was told by the doctor that 6 catheter infections was much too much and that she never should have had so many temporary catheters, which blew out all of her veins where they were placed. She currently has a shunt in her groin which is extremely painful and must be surgically removed next week. She is scheduled to stay in her old cell until Friday, at which time she is told that she will be returned to the hospital.

Both Jamie and Gladys want all of their supporters to know that our activities are very greatly appreciated and that they want us to keep on! Mrs. Rasco and family are also very thankful and hopeful that together we can get those women released from this horrific
situation soon! If we keep pushing and use our creativity to call attention to this case, it will happen! If you write, then write about it; if you sing, sing about it; poet about it; creatively perform about it; print out flyers and distribute them at programs and events, however you can do it, please help get the word out about the plight of these women, there's something that every one can do!

The Days of Blogging for the Scott Sisters that happened on 3/18 and is so wonderfully happening again today will really help get the word out on the case in wider and broader areas of the internet and hopefully lead to much more support and national attention! Thanks so much to all of the participants and we will be posting links to all of the blogs that participated at the Scott Sisters site, so please send them in so that you can be acknowledged! Of course everyone is encouraged to continue blogging beyond today and please do!
~~~~~

We still don't trust that Jamie will receive adequate medical care once these hospitalizations are completed, which was proven by the fact that as soon as she was returned from the hospital yesterday she was put right back in that moldy building where she was originally housed!

JAMIE SCOTT NEEDS TO BE HOUSED IN THE MEDICAL BUILDING.

Someone as seriously ill as Jamie needs to be somewhere that she can get assistance in better living conditions, and that's not in the infirmary and definitely not in her original cell. The Medical Bldg. would give her access to her sister, Gladys, who would help her with her activities of daily living and monitor her condition, just as other family members incarcerated together there are permitted to do with less life-threatening
illnesses than Jamie suffers.

We must keep pushing for media attention to what's going on and are continually pressing for nationwide press. A complete and in-depth examination of this travesty of justice must be exposed!! Please forward all of the info at the site to anyone, anywhere that can help to make that happen, the Scott Sisters need to go prime-time to apply enough pressure to make this Gov. do the right thing.

Jane Velez-Mitchell should do an entire segment on the Scott Sisters now that she is aware of the case, please contact her and urge her to follow-up her brief mention of the Scott Sisters on her 3/6 "Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell" with a more significant segment that will focus on Jamie's serious medical condition and the Scott Sisters case period. The contact form is at http://www.facebook.com/l/c3cc4;www.cnn.com/feedback/tips/newstips.html

EDITED FROM SCOTT SISTERS LIST SERVE

Wednesday, January 20, 2010

URGENT: Mississippi DOC and Jamie Scott

Hey All: This just came in. I just left a message on the medical director's line from AZ Prison Watch/myself asserting Jamie's right to medical care and insisting that she be transferred to a hospital immediately. We will be following up. Please call in, as indicated below. Will work on the media, too. Can use help today.



-------------
David Hope Rosser sent a message to the members of Free The Scott Sisters.

--------------------
Subject: BRAND NEW INFO - 1/20 JAMIE SCOTT UPDATE!


The prison chaplain arranged for Jamie to call Mrs. Rasco today and in that phone call Jamie confirmed that both of her kidneys have shut down and that she is in the prison ICU. She told her mother that she will be taken to the hospital sometime next week to have a procedure performed so that she can begin dialysis. She did not know why this is being delayed and neither does the family!

Jamie is grateful for all of the supporters who have called into the prison but wants us to ask folks to discontinue the phone calls. It's being stressed to Jamie that callers who yell and cuss are upsetting the officials there.

Jamie Scott, at age 38, has aged tremendously since her 15+ years of unjust incarceration and now suffers from severe medical problems which have led to her kidneys shutting down. She needs immediate hospitalization for treatment, proper diagnoses and pain relief. Jamie also  has mental health needs which need to be evaluated and  treated, as well! WE FEEL STRONGLY THAT TIME IS  OF THE ESSENCE. Jamie Scott is inmate #19197 at the  Central Mississippi Correctional Facility and she is  being treated by Dr. Gloria Perry at (601) 359-5515.

We've just been advised by our legal support to keep the pressure on the prison and not to let up one bit! Despite the prison's manipulation of Jamie, we must continue to act and not stop. So keep those calls coming in, we must get Jamie out of there ASAP. We are making moveson many other fronts to make that happen an...d this is a very integral part.

DON'T CURSE OR YELL INTO THE PHONE. STATE PLAINLY AND CLEARLY THAT WE WANT JAMIE MOVED OUT OF THE PRISON AND INTO A HOSPITAL WITHOUT FURTHER DELAY, THIS IS CRUCIAL! JAMIE SCOTT, #19197, MUST BE TAKEN TO THE HOSPITAL IMMEDIATELY!

Her physical and mental state require the highest levels of professional care.

Dr. Gloria Perry, Medical Department
(601) 359-5515

Margaret Bingham,
Superintendent of Central Mississippi Corrections Facility
(601) 932-2880
mbingham@mdoc.state.ms.us


FAX: (601) 664-0782
P.O. Box 88550
Pearl, Mississippi 39208

Christopher Epps, Commissioner of Prisons for the State of Mississippi
601-359-5600
CEPPS@mdoc.state.ms.us

North President Street
Jackson, MS 39202

Emmitt Sparkman, Deputy Commissioner
(601) 359-5610
 
Please reply back to us and let us know of every response you get so that we can keep track of what people are being told.

Congressman Bennie Thompsom
Washington, D.C. Office
2432 Rayburn HOB
Washington, D.C. 20515
(202) 225-5876(202) 225-5898 (Fax)
 
Jackson, Mississippi Office
3607 Medgar Evers Blvd
Jackson, MS 39213
(601) 946-9003(601)-982-5337 (Fax)
 
Congressman Alcee L. Hastings
 Washington Office
2353 Rayburn Office Building
Washington D.C. 20515
Tel: (202) 225-1313
Fax: (202) 225-1171
 
Congressman Jeff Miller
Washington D.C.
2439 Rayburn House Office Building
Washington DC 20515
Phone: (202) 225-4136
Fax: (202) 225-3414
Toll Free Phone Number to District Office
Pensacola, Florida Phone: 866-367-1614 
 
NBC TODAY SHOW: Today@NBCUNI.com
 
NBC NIGHTLY NEWS: Nightly@NBC.com
 
NBC News
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, N.Y. 10112
Phone: (212) 664-4444 Fax: 
(212) 664-4426 
 
CBS NEWS
524 W. 57 St., 
New York, NY 10019 
Phone: 212-975-4321 
Fax: 212-975-1893
 
ABC NEWS
77 W. 66 St., 
New York, NY 10023 
Phone: 212-456-7777 
 
CNN
One CNN Center, 
Box 105366, Atlanta, GA 30303-5366 Phone: 404-827-1500 Fax: 404-827-1784 
 
USA Today
7950 Jones Branch Dr.,
McLean, VA 22108 
Phone: 703-854-3400
Fax: 703-854-2078
 
Associated Press
450 West 33rd St., 
New York, NY 10001 
Phone: 212-621-1500 
Fax: 212-621-7523
General Questions and Comments: info@ap.org 
 

Thursday, October 8, 2009

Women's Health Care in Prison

From the National Commission on Correctional Health Care:


Position Statements
Women's Health Care in Correctional Settings

Introduction

Women are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. incarcerated population, increasing an average of 5% each year between 1995 and 2003. Incarcerated women report histories of alcohol and drug abuse, sexually transmitted disease, and mental illness. They are more likely than men to have been under the influence of drugs at the time of their crime; moreover, they may have committed the offense to raise money to buy drugs (CASA, 1996). High rates of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis also have been found among incarcerated women (Hammett, Harmon, & Rhodes, 2000; Shuter, 2000). Further, incarcerated women have higher rates of depression than incarcerated men or the general community (Gunter, 2004). As a result, incarcerated women utilize health care services much more than men, creating unique challenges for health services management. This position statement is intended to guide the correctional administrator in the management of women’s health care.


Background


Gynecological. Research on the provision of gynecological services for women in prison settings has consistently indicated that current services are inadequate (Weatherhead, 2003). Gynecological exams are not performed upon admission to prison, nor are they routinely provided on an annual basis. Appropriate initial screening questions about a woman’s gynecologic history often are not asked. Further, many jails and prisons lack health providers who are trained in obstetrics and gynecology, which leads to inadequate and inappropriate gynecologic care. As a result, women in prison are at risk for having some diseases, such as breast and ovarian cancer, or abnormal Pap smears go undetected.

Pregnancy. Owing to their past medical histories, incarcerated women tend to have complicated and high-risk pregnancies. At the time of their arrest and incarceration, many pregnant inmates lack prenatal care and need considerable support to improve the clinical outcomes of their pregnancies. For example, fetal alcohol syndrome disorder (FASD) creates psychological, neurological, and physical impairments (CASA, 1996). Pregnant inmates have high levels of psychological distress, yet often do not receive counseling and support services. Likewise, screenings for postpartum physical and psychiatric complications often are not performed.

Parenting Services. Female inmates do not receive appropriate parenting and child custody services. Entering a correctional facility is very stressful, but for women with children it is even more intense because of the separation from their children. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (2000) found high rates of incarcerated women with young children, ranging from 59% in federal prisons to 70% in local jails. It has been reported that more than two-thirds of women in prison had at least one child under the age of 18 years (BJS, 2000). Additionally, in 1997, 5% of the women entering prison were pregnant (BJS, 2000).

Sexual and Physical Abuse. It has been estimated that from 43% to 57% of state and federal women prisoners have been physically or sexually abused at some time (Harlow, 1999; Greenfeld & Snell, 1999; Snell & Morton, 1994). Such abuse can lead to lifelong psychological problems such as depressive disorders, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, learning problems, substance abuse (with its attendant physical health problems), and behavioral disorders of violence and impulsivity. Further, being victimized can have serious consequences. One-third of all female inmates serving time for a violent crime had victimized a relative or intimate, and of these inmates, two-thirds had victimized either their spouse or a family member such as a sibling or even their own child (Snell & Morton). Women incarcerated for a violent offense were the most likely to report having experienced physical or sexual abuse; and among women incarcerated for a violent crime, those who reported having been abused were more likely than other inmates to have victimized a relative or intimate (Greenfeld & Minor-Harper, 1990).

Alcohol and Drug Abuse. A history of problems with alcohol and/or other drugs is another common complaint of women entering prison. A U.S. Department of Justice (1999) study revealed that over 40% of female prisoners were under the influence of drugs at the time of their offense. Because of this abuse, many women prisoners are at much greater risk of becoming HIV positive from having had unprotected sex or having used dirty needles. Drug counseling, by itself, is not enough: The track record shows that addicts almost always relapse.

Sexually Transmitted Disease. Owing to their risky behaviors with alcohol, drug abuse, and unprotected sex, women entering correctional facilities have high rates of sexually transmitted disease (STD). Rich and his colleagues (2001) found that 49% of Rhode Island women with infectious syphilis had been incarcerated at some point between 1992 and 1998. High rates of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis also have been found among incarcerated women (Hammett, Harmon, & Rhodes, 2000; Shuter, 2000).

Mental Health. Studies on male offenders with mental illness in Western nation prisons have consistently demonstrated high prevalence of personality disorders (about 65%), major depression (on average 10%), and psychosis (about 4%). The prevalence of women offenders with mental illness parallels that of males. However, women offenders are more likely to have histories of dual diagnoses (Abram, Teplin, McClelland, & Dulcan, 2003; Abram, Teplin, & McClelland, 2003; Hartwell, 2004).

Aging. Many prisons housing relatively large percentages of older prisoners have not implemented sufficient programming for the elderly (Reviere & Young, 2004). In fact, many prisons may be failing to recognize and prepare for the specialized physical, social, and psychological needs of the older female inmate (Reviere & Young).

Nutrition and Diet. Correctional institutions should ensure that women between the ages of 23 and 50 consume 2,200 calories a day to maintain weight (Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council). The average women’s diet should contain no more than 300 milligrams of cholesterol per day to keep cholesterol levels in the “good” range (National Cholesterol Education Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). Women’s diets should include 20 to 30 grams of fiber per day (National Cancer Institute). Since women lose 15 to 20 milligrams of iron each month during menstruation, they should take 15 milligrams of iron supplements a day. Without sufficient iron replacement, symptoms of pallor, fatigue, and headaches could arise.



Standards

NCCHC recognizes the need to view women as a special population and to provide appropriate treatment. The Standards for Health Services (the basis of NCCHC’s accreditation program for jails, prisons, and juvenile detention and confinement facilities) contain several standards that impact women’s health care, including the following:

• Receiving Screening (J/P/Y-E-02) suggests inquiry into current gynecological problems and pregnancy for women and female adolescents;

• Health Assessment (J/P/Y-E-04) recommends that pelvic examinations and Pap smears be considered but they are not mandated, except in prisons;

• Nutrition and Medical Diets (J/P/Y-F-02) addresses the issue of nutritional intake, as does Appendix H Medical Diets; and

• Pregnancy Counseling (J/P/Y-G-10) specifies that comprehensive counseling and assistance are given to pregnant inmates in keeping with their express desires in planning for their unborn children, whether they desire abortion, adoptive service, or to keep the child.





Position Statement

NCCHC recognizes that the number of female inmates is large and growing annually, presenting unique and increasing problems for health services in correctional facilities. Therefore, NCCHC recommends the following:



1. Correctional institutions should be required to meet recognized community standards for women’s services as promoted by standards set by NCCHC.

2. Correctional health services and women’s advocacy groups should collaborate to provide leadership for the development of policies and procedures that address women’s special health care needs in corrections.

3. Correctional institutions should implement intake procedures that include histories on menstrual cycle, pregnancies, gynecologic problems, and nutritional intake (by conducting a nutritional assessment) (Anno, 2001).

4. Comprehensive services for women’s unique health problems should be provided in prisons, jails, and juvenile detention and confinement facilities:

A. Considering women’s special reproductive health needs, the frequency of repeating certain tests, exams, and procedures (e.g., Pap smears, mammograms) should be based on guidelines established by professional groups such as the American Cancer Society and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and should take into account age and risk factors of the female correctional population (Anno, 2001).

B. Considering the high levels of victimization (sexual and physical) among the female inmate population, and considering the circumstances of incarceration of violent female offenders (i.e., many have committed interpersonal altercation violence against a family member or intimate), counseling to resolve issues of victimization and perpetration of violence against intimates (such as conflict resolution skills or parenting skills) should be available.

C. Considering the large number of incarcerated women who have dependent children, counseling on parenting and child custody issues should be available.

D. Considering the high rates of depression women report upon incarceration, counseling should be available to address this issue.

E. Considering the high rates of alcohol and/or drug problems women report upon incarceration, counseling should be available to address this issue.

F. Correctional institutions should provide intake examinations that include a breast exam and, depending on the female’s age, sexual history, and past medical history, also a pelvic exam, Pap smear, and baseline mammogram (Anno, 2001).

G. Correctional institutions should provide laboratory tests to detect sexually transmitted diseases including gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia for all females, especially since many are asymptomatic for STDs. Females also should receive a pregnancy test on admission to correctional facilities (Anno, 2001). Further, since new research indicates that pregnant women who are infected with HIV are less likely to transmit the virus to their newborn if they are treated with AZT during pregnancy, women should be educated about this finding and encouraged to be tested for HIV if they are pregnant.

H. Considering that many female adolescents who enter the juvenile justice system have unique educational needs, special attention should be given to counseling and habilitation in this area.


5. Correctional institutions should provide pre- and postrelease services for women reentering the community. Strong partnerships are encouraged between public health, community, public assistance, and correctional agencies. Programming such as employment and vocational training, health education, and parenting education also should be available.

Adopted by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care Board of Directors
September 25, 1994
Revised: October 9, 2005

References

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